What law governs the surface mining operations in the United States?

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) is the law that specifically governs surface mining operations in the United States. Enacted in 1977, SMCRA was designed to balance the nation's need for coal and other mineral resources with the need to protect and restore the environment and communities impacted by surface mining. The act establishes requirements for both mining operations and the reclamation of land after mining has been completed.

Through SMCRA, the federal government provides a regulatory framework that oversees state programs concerning surface mining practices and enforces the restoration of mined land to a condition that is as good as or better than prior to mining. This law plays a critical role in ensuring safe mining practices and preventing environmental degradation associated with surface mining activities.

Other laws listed do not specifically address the overall framework governing surface mining practices in the U.S. individually or collectively. The Federal Surface Mining Law is not a standalone act but more of a reference to federal oversight in mining. The National Mining Safety Act primarily focuses on safety regulations rather than surface mining in particular. The Environmental Regulation Act does cover environmental issues but does not specifically target surface mining operations and their particular frameworks. Hence, SMCRA is the most comprehensive and relevant legislation for addressing surface mining operations.